Repressed Memories Truth Or Fiction - 1129 Words

Repressed Memories: Truth or Fiction Talia E. Shuman The University of Tampa Repressed Memories: Truth or Fiction When people think of memory repression, people think of child sexual abuse scandals, parental abuse, traumatic injuries, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Memory repression is thought by some to be a defense mechanism of the brain in the event of extreme distress. The memory of the event is pushed back into the corners of the unconscious, and is only recovered after a long period of time has passed. According to the American Psychological Association, both memory researchers and clinicians who work with trauma victims agree that memory can be forgotten and then remembered, and a ‘memory’ can be suggested and remembered as true (APA, n.d.). However, some believe this is not the case. Instead, they believe that these repressed memories are the result of over-eager therapists planting ideas in their clients’ heads. In a recent study, Harrsion Pope tried to find a case of memory repression in works of fiction and nonfiction prior to 1800, and didn’t fin d any cases which matched their definition of a repressed memory. They concluded from this that â€Å"the phenomenon is not a natural neurological function, but rather a ‘culture-bound’ syndrome rooted in the nineteenth century† (Pettus, 2008). Memory repression is an extremely controversial subject in the field of psychology. Further research into this topic could lead to better treatments for patientsShow MoreRelatedThe Moral Dilemma Of By Stephen Covey1180 Words   |  5 PagesGeneralising, all of our physical senses are stored as subconscious memories – the people, objects (even apparitions and the supernatural), etc. which may appear in our dreams are comprised of our knowledge of the external reality. Memory fragments are ubiquitous in all forms of cognitive processing – stored memories enable the brain to construct mental content. As a result, an individual’s perception will vary according to the memories and knowledge accumulated by the physical senses since birth, andRead MoreThe Three Faces Of Eve Essay1188 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction This paper is intended to inform its reader about Multiple Personality Disorder and whether it is fact or fiction. This paper was intended to be contrived after watching the film â€Å"The Three Faces of Eve†, directed by Nunnally Johnson in 1957. The star of the film, Joanne Woodard, portrays the title character Eve White, who acts through the separate personalities of Eve White, Eve Black, and Jane. Despite the doctors in the film being able to explain Multiple Personality Disorder, theRead MoreOverview. Octavia Butler’S Kindred Focuses On The Perspective1731 Words   |  7 Pagesrights of slaves. Similarly, Sarah Eden Schiff’s â€Å"Recovering (from) the Double: Fiction as Historical Revision in Octavia E. 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Joseph Thomas SheridanRead MoreThe Traumitized Life of Holden1747 Words   |  7 Pageslousy childhood was like, and how my parents were occupied and all before they had me†¦but I don’t feel like going into it, if you want to know the truth† (Salinger 1). Holden provides the audience with Sigmund Freud’s theory of the unconscious mind that holds the variety of ordinary awareness and that keeps troubling or improper urges, impulses, memories and ideas. According to Sigmund Freud, a neurologist and psychiatrist, he interprets psychoanalytic literary criticism, as â€Å"The author’s own childhoodRead MoreMrs Dalloway Key Quotes1089 Words   |  5 Pagesthe characters who’s inner selves are exposed to view, however vain selfish or ignoble their thoughts may occasionally be†David Lodge, art of fiction â€Å"During her parties it was not what she did or said that one remembered but rather the extraordinary sense of her being there† Lucio P. Ruotolo â€Å"At her most interesting, she is a snobbish, vain, repressed lesbian who has dabbled in culture but for the most part of the novel she is only a shadow, poetically enshrined.† Paul Bailey, â€Å" Into the Waves Read More Repressed Personality and Sexual Subtleties in Robert Louis Stevenson Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde1366 Words   |  6 PagesRepressed Personality and Sexual Subtleties in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The Tragedies of repression In the reference book Victorian Britain: An Encyclopedia Stevenson is noted for saying that fiction should render the truths that make life significant (760). We see this most closely in his Jekyll/Hyde experiment when Jekyll explains why he invented his infamous potion. Jekyll says: I concealed my pleasures; and when I reached years of reflection...I stood already committed to a profoundRead MoreEssay on Character Analysis: Stew1979 Words   |  8 Pagesdislike. â€Å"Tiny, Smiling Daddy† is told in the third person limited point of view through the father, Stew. This point of view is vital to our understanding of events, in that the progression of the story evolves only through Stew’s recollection of memories giving a very limited perspective. Using this style of writing puts a lens, so to speak, on how the reader is going to read the story, there are no outside details from other characters that Gaitskill gives us to help us understand, it is only throughRead MoreAbstract Space : The Void1650 Words   |  7 Pagesthe image of Vertigo’s Carlotta Valdes that Hitchcock identifies, projects, and explores our deepest anxieties about scopophilia, voyeurism, exploitation, and reality, and in the process, exposes the dark aspects of our characters that are often repressed. That concept of multiple identities is the essence of Hitchcock’s cinema and the essence of the film. Paintings in Vertigo make sense of and illumi nate the moth-to-flame relationships Scottie has with the multiple, yet singular identities of MadeleineRead MoreWhen Memories Become Traumatic : A Reading of Jamila Hashmi’s Exile and Joginder Paul’s Dariyaon Pyas2325 Words   |  9 Pageswhich in return led to many heinous crimes. The moments of active malevolence and communal frenzy left an indelible mark on the minds of the people. These unforgettable moments were encapsulated in the form of Partition Literature. Memories of Partition though are often hurtful are well represented in art forms . As it has been argued that art better than any language can voice the unresolved burdens of the past . Literature as a form of art generally goes beyond the strictures of official

Benefits And Benefits Of Compensation - 913 Words

Compensation is how a company decides what is important to meet their company’s goals. There are three components when it comes to compensation. Direct, indirect, and nonfinancial are the three ways of letting the employees know the company’s values, while still letting the employees feel important. When many employees feel like they are part of the process of making the company a success, they are more likely to work harder. Companies need to be more strategic when it comes to setting up the operations of the company and the benefits they offer to their employees. The company will be more successful if they meet their strategic goals and reward the employees for their hard work. Many companies have used different compensation philosophy when designing their business. Maersk was originally set up as a family orientated business, yet as the company grew globally they realized they needed to change their philosophy to a strategic plan. Maersk’s new compensation phi losophy focused more on the needs of the company and also the employees’ performance. The company became more concerned with figuring out if the best worker was in the correct position to perform his or her job. Maersk industry wanted to make sure they had a diverse group of employees, so that if something went wrong they would have a variety of ideas to fix or solve a situation. Maersk was also concerned that when they took people in and trained them so successfully they would have a high turnover of employees ifShow MoreRelatedBenefits And Benefits Of Compensation Essay886 Words   |  4 PagesCompensation is output and the benefit that employee receives in the form of pay, wages and also same rewards like monetary exchange for the employee’s to increases the performance Holt, 1993). Compensation is the segment of transition between the employee and the owner that the outcomes employee contract. As the prospective of employee pay is the necessary of life. The paymen t receives from work done on the behalf of people getting the employment. From the employee prospective one of the most importantRead MoreCompensation And Benefits Of Compensation Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesCompensation Benefit The compensation and benefits department is usually responsible for the  transparency in the compensation practices  in the organization and keeping the internal fairness of the total cash. The compensation and benefits has to supervise the development of new compensation components and keeping the general rules for the design of the compensation component. The compensation and benefits department is responsible for the personnel expenses budget of the organizationRead MoreCompensation and Benefits1695 Words   |  7 Pages | |Compensation and Benefits | |Human Resource Management Coures | | Employee compensation and benefits are critical factors in the new hire acceptance process andRead MoreCompensation And Benefits Of Compensation1791 Words   |  8 Pagestalk about compensation among organizations and employees in today’s work environment. Questions such as, what is the cost to the organization and what will be the organizations return on their compensation investment, are common among questions being asked among organizations. Because of all this, there has been a variety of different pay compensations put into place in the work force. The following paragraphs will talk about one company, Bumpbie, and how a strategic compensation plan, integratedRead MoreCompensation and Benefits1475 Words   |  6 PagesCompensation and Benefits Lisa Epps BUS303 Human Resources Due Date Ashford University There are many people that would choose their life career around the benefits and compensation they may receive. Compensation is known as human resources function that deals with every type of rewards that one may receive in return for performing organizational tasks.()1 Do to these rewards such as compensations; turn-over can be affected in the workforce. If an employee did not feel they valued at theRead MoreCompensation and Benefits2497 Words   |  10 Pagesto acknowledge the importance of compensation and benefit strategies used in organizations all around the world. Compensation and Benefits are used by different organisations globally to attract, motivate and retain their employees. This paper contains a case studies, summary and analysis of academic journals and books to understand the latest trends in compensation and benefits field. The three primary components which are used in designing a strategic compensation plan are listed. During the courseRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of Employee Compensation1395 Words   |  6 PagesEmployee compensation is all forms of pay and rewards which are received by employees for completing their job duties as outlined by their employer. Compensation is classified two ways, direct and indirect compensati on. Direct compensation covers wages and salaries, bonuses, commissions and incentives. With indirect compensation, benefits are supplied by employers, and nonfinancial compensation includes recognition, rewarding jobs, and flexible work hours in order to accommodate each person’s ownRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of Employee Compensation1054 Words   |  5 Pagesfantastic benefits. (Benefits.) One of the many topics that we discussed when we met with Joe Daggar, a senior manager at Paychex, was how the company meets the needs of employees in relation to employee compensation. Paychex has a set system where the company performs anonymous surveys to determine which kind of compensation packages employees are looking for. By using these surveys they constantly change and adapt to the needs of their employees. Investment opportunities was another featureRead MoreCompensation Benefits1892 Words   |  8 PagesCompensation Benefits BUS455 Final Exam This is an open book and open notes exam. You may use whatever materials you feel necessary. I strongly recommend that you refer to the text and Lecture Notes that you read. There are a total of sixty (60) points available on this exam. Multiple Choice 1) Which of the following is least likely to be used as a skill-based certification method? a. tests b. college degree c. peer review d. on-the-job demonstration 2) An inappropriate way to assessRead MoreCompensation and Benefits2496 Words   |  10 PagesCompensation and Benefits: Methods, Strategies and Performances LaTonya Hopes This paper is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Human Resource Administration BUS 5273-50 Texas Woman s University School of Management Dr. Derek Crews February 8, 2013 Table of Contents Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Literature

Ptlls Assignment 1 free essay sample

Roles, responsibilities and relationships in lifelong learning 1.1.3 Explain own role and responsibilities in lifelong learning I see my role as a teacher of beauty therapy as facilitating my knowledge through learning and following the learning cycle. I usually start by trying to identify the learners needs by arranging and carrying out suitable assessments, carrying out interviews, identifying any barriers to learning and to help my learners achieve their chosen program, by using various teaching and learning approaches planning learning and taking individual needs into account. Although it is a lot more than that, it sometimes requires me to support my learners in other ways throughout their learning. It is to discuss the topic chosen and assess the various learning styles within the group and identify various teaching methods. A teacher I have also to make sure that all learners have a safe learning environment where they are able to build a trusting and honest relationship. The main responsibility of a teacher is to keep assessing and monitoring the learners continuously and adapt the structure and delivery of the course towards the student’s needs. Taking into account any learning barriers that the students may have. We have to keep in mind that the training cycle is a continuous cycle that can be entered at any stage. Reflection, evaluation and review are important because â€Å"only people who reflect on, and learn from, past success and failures are able to improve† (Petty, 1998) for both the teacher and the learner we need to realise from past mistakes and learn how to correct them. If we do not realize the mistake and learn how to correct it we may never know why we went wrong in the first place. As for the learner we would provide feedback on how to improve. For the teacher it is achieved through peer observations, student feedback and external moderation. 1.14 Explain own role and responsibilities in identifying and meeting the needs of learners My main role as a teacher is to value all learners individually and equally. A tutor has a duty of car towards learners. We have to make communication easier among all students, and to encourage students to discuss the topic chosen, identify my student needs, assess various learning styles within the group and identify various teaching methods. I have also to make sure that all students have equal rights and safe learning environment where they are able to build a trusting and honest relationship. The main responsibility of a teacher is to keep reassessing and monitoring the students continuously to learn their changing needs. The structure and delivery of the course has to be changed according to student’s needs. The learner has the responsibility to tell their tutor of any additional support they need as a learner. This would be reflected in continual re assessment. To identify the needs of learners starting at the initial assessment stage I would conduct interviews with new applications and assess their subject knowledge and discover their learning style, to find if we have any students with dyslexia, for who we would change paper colour of paper for one that is more reader friendly for them â€Å"meeting needs by supporting students with dyslexia† (Wilson 2028.238). People with English as a second language or language barriers we would try to get an interpreter. I would assess their subject knowledge and also discover their learning style by using Fleming’s (1987) Aural, (talking, sing, talk out loud) Visual, (Pictures, movies and diagrams) or Kinaesthetic, (movement, experiments or hands on activities) definitions along with the Honey and Mumford’s (1986) of Activist, Theorist, Pragmatist, or Reflector. I would then decide on learning plans for my students. When deciding on the lesson plans for my learners I would include equality and diversity by making references from all cultures and making sure to comply with the Disability Discrimination Act (2005:4) I would use Maslow’s triangle of needs (1954) when developing the course to make sure that all the learners’ needs are met, I could also ask for feedback from my learners to ensure I have met their needs. There are five steps to the teacher training cycle 1. Identifying needs A teacher’s role is to arrange for suitable assessment for the students to ascertain their current skills and knowledge, to identify any barriers or challenges to learning to assess learning styles and to know the boundaries to work within. A Teacher is then responsible to plan the lessons in such a way that it meets all the students’ needs, ensuring that learners are on the right program and follow company policies and procedures. 2. Planning learning The role of a teacher is to take in to consideration the length of the course the sessions available and plan what will be taught and when and to prepare the teaching and learning syllabus and activities. The teacher has to be responsible for designing the scheme of work, lesson plans, obtaining up to date qualification handbooks, agree individual learning plans, carrying out risk assessments, write realistic aims. 3. Facilitating learning The role of a teacher is to make sure that tutorials are carried out and communicated effectively and appropriately with learners and that it conforms to professional codes of conduct, functional skills are completed, ground rules are established and all the requirements of awarding bodies are followed. They have to maintain a safe and supportive role in the learning environment and promote appropriate respect and behaviour. They have to be responsible to act professionally at all time and to be qualified and experienced enough to teach their subject. Complete registers and carry out admin work as required, deal with behaviour issues as they arise. 4. Assessing The role of a teacher is to assess the student’s progress continuously throughout the teaching sessions. To make sure each student gets involved and understands the lessons, they have to follow the awarding and external body requirements. The responsibilities of the teacher are to assess work within an agreed time period and to give feedback to learners, keep records of individual achievement. Use a variety of assessment methods. 5. Quality Assurance and Evaluation The role of a teacher is to evaluate how well the program was planned and delivered and then try to improve the teaching and learning process. The teacher’s responsibilities are to attend meetings, encourage student’s development and progression, encourage on-going feedback from learners, and help learners achieve their full potential. Lease with others, internal and external verifiers and take part in organisational quality assurance processes. As teachers we have to keep our learners motivated, as their keenness to learn will affect their learning and behaviour during sessions. Motivation can be intrinsic (comes from inside) they can be more effective in bringing about learning as they focus on the actual learning itself rather than what results from it or the context in which it is set. Some intrinsic learners are motivated and have a clear aim to achieve their individual potential, we need to maintain their motivation at that level. Extrinsic motivation is where motivation comes from outside an individual the motivation is external. Money or grades are rewards for these which provides satisfaction and pleasure that the task itself may not provide. So we have to be patient and persistent with our learners and build confidence through praise and keep the subject matter interesting. 1.2.1 Explain the boundaries between the teaching role and other professional roles Professional boundaries are safeguards for both learners and teachers, it is important not to overstep these; I have my personal boundaries that I must not cross with students such as not getting too personal and socializing. As a teacher we have to be professional and honest, confidentiality is a must, and be observant, never step over boundaries by becoming too personal with students. Boundaries exist not only with students but also with colleagues, superiors and outside agencies. â€Å"Professionalism in the classroom requires us to maintain appropriate standards and fulfil our responsibilities to learners, institutions and colleagues† (M Francis a Gould 2nd 2013) Some of the boundaries I have encountered in relation to teaching are Classroom size, lack of seating, heating or lack of it, Faulty and broken equipment such as computers etc. Deadlines and targets and Demands from managers, too much paper work, not getting all information before the students arrive are all boundaries that I have encountered in the classroom. You come across boundaries to teaching throughout the teaching cycle, but we have to remember that we are not counsellors, GP’s or best friends and we have to know when to refer situations. Such as if I suspected a student is suffering abuse or bulling we are legally bound to pass on any information that reveals harm or risk to the appropriate authorities, by alerting my superiors or managers to what I have noticed and allow those trained to handle the situation. 1.3.1 Explain own responsibilities in maintaining a safe and supportive learning As a teacher in the beauty industry we have to follow codes of practice and organisation policies and procedures as set out by HABIA. These are all set out on the website www.habia.org where students can download the codes of practice and also the Health and Safety Policy. Although as teachers we also have the Institute for learning IFL code of practice to follow which include:- Health and Safety at work Act (1976) Risk Assessments Child Protection Guidelines Disability Discrimination Act (1995 and onwards) Copyright guidelines. Data Protection Inclusion of every student Duty of care towards students and in loco parentis for younger students We have to ensure that all current legislative requirements are met and that records of risk assessments and training attended such as health and safety training are kept and updated regularly. A list of helpful contact should be given to students at the start of all courses. All aspects of the learning environment should be appropriate, accessible and safe for the subject that is being taught. Students need to know that they are safe when they are with you and not in any danger. Resources should not cause harm, desks should be in an appropriate layout, heating lighting and ventilation should be adequate. Students should feel safe to express their opinions without being ridiculed. They should also know that you will make their time in the learning environment supportive and productive. Supporting them by giving appropriate advice or if you cannot help them referring your students to others. You should have a clear aim and convey how your students will be supported towards achievement. You should also demonstrate inclusion and challenge any inappropriate or antisocial behaviour, ensuring your students have a break and access to refreshment areas and toilets will help them feel comfortable in the learning environment. â€Å"Learners need to feel safe and valued before they can fulfil their potential for learning† ( Wallace, 2011:96). 2.3.2 Summarise ways to establish ground rules with learners to promote respect for others Ground rules are boundaries, rules and conditions within which students can safely work and learn, if students are following ground rules students would promote respect for others, they are standards of what you can and cannot do and give an idea of expectation. You can have imposed and negotiable ground rules, some that can be broken and some that cannot. Ground rules can be established during your first class session.† When establishing ground rules, you need to have an idea of what needs to be imposed and what could be negotiated† (Gravells, A). I would start my first session with an Ice breaker to break down the initial barriers with inclusion of all students. Then I could either state some common ground rules that I have chosen or have a group discussion or have the class broken in to groups to brainstorm their own rules with the class then voting on the most appropriate rules. Some ideas of ground rules are:- No Smoking, Mobiles on silent, No antisocial behaviour, no offensive language , respect everyone’s beliefs cultures and values, Learn through fun, Work together, Participate, Be punctual, Respect others, treat others as you wish to be treated, be on time Having ground rules helps my students feel comfortable. Keeping them on the wall so that they are visible will remind students of what is and is not acceptable and help to maintain the rules. Word count 2064.

Police Use of S.A.R.A. to Combat Community Crime Essay Example

Police Use of S.A.R.A. to Combat Community Crime Essay One of the biggest challenges to the creation and maintenance of efficient and safe communities is the persistence of crime. Though abolishment of crime in its entirety is an unrealistic goal, police forces and criminologists are constantly working to better control the causes, and thus, minimize the effects of criminal acts. Prior to the late 1970’s, police action consisted mainly of a system of patrolling, crime response, and follow-up, but researchers found this implementation of police forces was too limited to prove effective. Realization of these limitations prompted the institution of a new approach to community law enforcement, termed problem-oriented policing (POP). POP empowers each officer to evaluate the source of crimes within his patrol area and to work to subdue the problem at its source.One of the most commonly used methods for such problem solving is the S.A.R.A. model. This acronym refers to the four sequential stages of Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Asse ssment with regards to any criminal problem. â€Å"This is a useful check on the natural tendency to jump straight to a final response, while skimping on definition of the problem and analysis and forgetting to assess their impact on the problem† (Clarke). The first step in this method, scanning, involves identification of the root cause of a problem. A problem is defined as a group of two or more incidents, similar in aspect, causing danger or harm. This stage involves identifying problems and their consequences, prioritizing such problems, and developing broad goals with regards to these confirmed troubles.The next step in the S.A.R.A. model is the analysis phase; this portion is the heart of problem solving. In order to fully understand the effects of any particular crime on a community, a complete and thorough analysis must be performed. This provides further details to the objectives described in the scanning phase. A critical point to note during this phase of problem s olving is the need to be objective. Analysis of crimes cannot be tainted with one person’s feelings or beliefs, as this can skew further progress of the method. Research and data collection are critical here, as each problem faces its own set of unique challenges. Although some amount of insight can be gained from other successes in relation to similar problems, each analysis must be tailored to the unique requirements of the problem and the community.After performing a thorough analysis of an incident, a response needs to be developed. Work done during the analysis phase will dictate what type of response is warranted. The response phase allows law enforcement to work closely with the victims of crime and the community. Through Community-Oriented Policing (COP) and POP, officers can work to reduce crime and give leverage to the people, who are usually the first points of contact when a problem occurs. Programs such as a neighborhood watch assist police forces in the response phase of the S.A.R.A. method. Assessing the options for community and police-based interventions for crime is done during this important step. While it is sometimes important for police to look at the actions and interventions of other communities with similar criminal problems, they are often required to think up new ways to combat crime within the context of their own communities and figure out how best to utilize the intervention resources available to them.The final stage of the S.A.R.A. method is assessment. This step is vital not only for determining the effectiveness of the response plan implemented, but also for providing qualitative and quantitative data to aid in the evaluation of and the response to further criminal problems within the community. This step allows police to adapt their methods of response for changes within the community instead of simply responding in the same way to a crime regardless of their circumstances and resources.Particularly for recurring crime s, police find that using the analysis part of S.A.R.A. in conjunction with other methods of analysis helps them to pinpoint the root of such problems. The crime triangle (POV, which is illustrated in Figure 1) can also be a tool to aid enforcement agencies in incident response. By identifying the Place, Offender and Victim clearly, an intervention can be staged to remove the offender from the triangle. This model is based on the assumption that a crime or problem occurs when an offender comes into contact with a victim in a particular place without appropriate supervision or control. Once the POV model for a problem has been identified, law enforcement agencies can impose the appropriate supervision to diffuse a situation in progress, or even sometimes prevent a crime from taking place. A place should be controlled by a manager responsible for keeping his building protected and calling in other parties for aid when needed. An offender can often be controlled by police, security, or other types of law enforcement, referred to as a handler. Finally, a victim should be looked after by a guardian to ensure his protection.Figure 1Our communities’ need for a closer working relationship between the people and law enforcement dictates the need for methods such as S.A.R.A.. Before the advent of the police cruiser, officers would patrol the neighborhood on foot, giving them the opportunity to talk to the other members of the community and provide them with a better understanding of community needs. As Toch (1991) explained, â€Å"by staying in their cars, patrol officers lost contact with residents of their beats who were neither offenders nor victims. Their knowledge of community problems became more and more limited† (2). Communities need to work together with their police force, not against them, and in knowing them and communicating with them face-to-face, this is more easily achieved.The demand for community policing stems largely from larger social and economic issues, such as poverty, racial strife, overburdened social services, and a growing sense of neglect among the inner-city poor. It presumes effective crime control requires a partnership between police and the public. (Holman 162)When citizens of a town only see the police on the occasion when an incident occurs, this leads to a disillusionment of the community towards their law enforcement agencies.Even skeptics of COP, POP, and S.A.R.A. have come to see their value, particularly due to the less social nature of current police patrols. As Bobinsky realized, after an initial rejection of community-oriented methods of problem solving, â€Å"this incident-oriented policing model placed an impressive array of resources at officers disposal to locate offenders, but made little attempt to reduce actual crime numbers† (1994). This phenomenon is well illustrated by the Greek myth of the nine-headed hydra. Hercules would cut off one head only to have two more grow back i n its place. To defeat the monster, Hercules had to enlist the aid of his nephew, with whom he was able to complete the task by cauterizing the hydra’s wounds and preventing regrowth. Similarly, through the use of S.A.R.A., officers in the field are able to work with the community to complete the steps of the model more effectively and eliminate the source of the crimes, not only the individual incidents as they occur. S.A.R.A. allows for law enforcement to be geared more towards pro-active measures, rather than reactive.Officers of the law, both old and new need to be trained properly to implement the S.A.R.A. model with maximum effectiveness. An issue with training is that many people tend to resist change when they are accustomed to performing their duties a certain way. To find out who is the most qualified candidate for training one can use the S.A.R.A. method to determine which officers, or districts need further education in using this method to aid in their duties. Sc an the officers, find out which ones have close ties to the community or have backgrounds in methodologies such as this. Analyze the candidates to determine their specific current needs and future needs. Respond by training the candidates in the appropriate methods and techniques. Finally, assess the results either by crime statistics, or community polling surveys.In the absence of effective training (and supervision), it is easy for police to fall back on familiar ways of dealing with whatever problem is at hand. It is also easier not to make mistakes that way, which is important if there are few positive rewards for doing good community-oriented work. (Skogan 31)Officers trained in using the S.A.R.A. method need the proper tools to fully be effective in utilizing the model. One such tool is the Geographic Information System (GIS). The GIS is a central database of geographic locations that can be used to pinpoint crime locations and buildings associated with crimes for trend analys is. A specific GIS system developed by the New York City Police Department is called CompStat. This tool is used to identify crime ridden areas accurately and allows for a more rapid response due to the availability of data firsthand. New York City developed Compstat to compromise between precincts and Headquarters in terms of dictating operations.Precinct commanders are in a far better position than Headquarters executives to appreciate and meet the particular needs of their communities and to direct the efforts of the 200 to 400 officers they manage. They are also in a better position than beat officers to understand and harmonize the agencys policies with the social dynamics operating within their geographic compass. (NYPD, 2007)S.A.R.A. Analysis not only requires the proper tools, but also a full understanding of what characteristics of a criminal problem are most valuable to focus on. Since each step of the S.A.R.A. method builds on the previous step, it is vital for police to ensure that they are asking the right questions and gathering the right data at each phase. Officers need to determine if there are any current solutions to a problem and if so, why they have failed to work so far. Detailed answers to the questions: who, what, when, where and why are essential to develop at this step. The essence of S.A.R.A. is to focus on the root problem and asking these questions helps to narrow one’s focus. The details of the time, situation, location, and motive are crucial to the decisions of the criminal and thus equally important to the police dealing with the crime. For example, car thieves are more likely to avoid parking lots with strong lighting, closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras and full-time attendants than ones without these forms of security (Ratcliffe).Once a thorough analysis is completed it is time to implement an effective response. Responding to problems identified and analyzed during the first two steps of the S.A.R.A. method can yield both positive and negative reactions from the community. A good example of a conflicted reaction to a problem response is the use of video surveillance. Cameras installed in problem areas allow for the guardians to monitor the situation. Although this may prove handy to officers, many in the community view cameras as an intrusion into their personal lives. â€Å"Since innovative ideas may surface through unique viewpoints, it is at this point that having a broad spectrum of personalities in the work group is an asset† (cj.msu.edu). Oftentimes, having a variety of viewpoints within a S.A.R.A. workgroup can provide an insight for police as to what the community’s reaction to their actions might be, so they can adjust them accordingly.In conclusion, S.A.R.A. acts as a very effective model for law enforcement agencies incorporating a problem and community oriented style of policing. Although it is certainly not a cure for all the ailments that society faces, it does allow for a straightforward and structured means of attacking a problem as its source. According to an abstract from the National Criminal Justice Reference Service, findings from a study on the impact of policing on social disorder â€Å"show that two community policing strategiesdoor-to-door visits and storefront officeswere significantly associated with lower levels of social disorder† (njcjrs.gov). Though some methods of the data collection which is important to S.A.R.A., such as video surveillance, may meet with mixed reactions from members of the community, overall, this model aims to bring the police force and the community together in an effort to reduce crime.

Intel 1998 Financial Status Essays - American Brands,

Intel 1998 Financial Status David Pawlowski Intel 1998 Financial Status Company Info: Intel Corp was founded in 1968, in the state of California. Intel is an independent company; it is not a subsidiary, nor does it have subsidiaries. Furthermore, it is well known for its microprocessors for PCs, chipsets, flash memory, embedded control chips, and network communications products. The purchasers of the products are original equipment manufacturers, PC users, and other manufacturers. Intel makes computer hardware including motherboards, microprocessors, and chips. It is responsible for approximately 90% of the computer microprocessors. In 1971 the 4004 was Intel's first microprocessor. This breakthrough invention powered the Busicom calculator and paved the way for embedding intelligence in inanimate objects as well as the personal computer. Then in 1974 the 8080 became the brains of the first personal computer--the Altair, allegedly named for a destination of the Starship Enterprise from the StarTrek television show. Computer hobbyists could purchase a kit for the Altair for $395. Within months, it sold tens of thousands, creating the first PC back orders in history. In 1989 the 486TM generation really meant you go from a command-level computer into point-and-click computing. I could have a color computer for the first time and do desktop publishing at a significant speed, recalls technology historian David K.Allison of the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History. The Intel 486TM processor was the first to offer a built-in math coprocessor, which speeds up computing because it offers complex math functio ns from the central processor. Then in 1993 the Pentium? processor allowed computers to more easily incorporate real world data such as speech, sound, handwriting and photographic images. The name Pentium?, mentioned in the comics and on television talk shows, became a household word soon after introduction. In 1999 the Pentium? III XeonTM processor extends Intel's offerings to the workstation and server market segments, providing additional performance for e-Commerce applications and advanced business computing. The processors incorporate the Pentium? III processor's 70 SIMD instructions, which enhance multimedia and streaming video applications. The Pentium? III XeonTM processor's advance cache technology speeds information from the system bus to the processor, significantly boosting performance. It is designed for systems with multiprocessor configurations. Intel has only one competitor, and it is a multinational corporation with offices based in over 10 countries. In addition, the company employs 64,500 people, and its annual net income in 1998 was 26,273,000,000 dollars. Its shares are traded on NASDAQ and the Swiss Exchange. Furthermore, the stock ticker symbol is INTC. Thus, we consider Intel to be a large company. Economic, Social, Legal and Political Environment: Intel is growing steadily with the economy. Legal battles for patent, infringements, and trust laws could cost the company billions of dollars. Intergraphs claims infringement on five of their patents by Intel. Intergraph believes they are entitled to 2.2 billion dollars for Intel's alleged patent infringement and they believe they are entitled to 500 million for violation of antitrust laws. Intel has counter filed a lawsuit against Intergraph claiming that they violated seven of Intel's patents. In addition, Techsearch has filed a lawsuit against Intel for patent infringement. Techsearch will be entailed to 2-8 billion dollars if their lawsuit is successful. While the outcome of these lawsuits is uncertain at this time, Intel believes that the outcome of these lawsuits will be favorable to the financial success of the company and have no material adverse effect on the financial position of the company. Intel is unable to take into account any set amount of expense or loss of net inc ome due to these uncertainties. Intel is also currently under investigation by the EPA in California for allegedly contaminating ground water at one of their former plant sites. Intel has made agreements with some of the other companies on the EPA's superfund list and has traded tax leases with these companies in exchange for them covering most of the cost of this potential clean up for which they would be responsible. This clean up is expected to cost a minimal amount of money for Intel and is not expected to have any material adverse effect on the company's financial position. Industry: All divisions of the computer industry including hardware has been growing rapidly in the last ten years due to

Jack the Ripper essays

Jack the Ripper essays Jack the Ripper Essay, Page 1 On August 31, 1888, at 3:45 a.m. the body of a woman was found in Whitechapel. Her throat was cut, deeply enough that her spinal cord had been severed. Her abdomen was cut open so much that her skin could be lifted and laid down as a flap to expose her internal organs, some of which were missing. Upon further inspection, the coroner learned her genitals had also been mutilated, with two small stab wounds. On September 8, 1888, at 6:10 a.m. Scotland Yard learns of another murder. The victim was a female, found with her throat cut, and disembowelled. The morning of September 30th would bring a new feeling of unease to Scotland Yard. Two women were found murdered, one of which only had her throat cut. The other, however had facial mutilations so severe that it was nearly impossible to make an identification. Like the previous victims, her throat was cut, and she had been disembowelled. The killer took her uterus and left kidney. Near her body, a bloody piece of her apron, as well as an inscription on the wall reading The Juwes are the men who will not be blamed for nothing were found. Up until this point Scotland Yard was unable to indicate a possible profession the killer may have worked in, as there was no need for a knowledge of the human anatomy. After this murder, however, Scotland Yard began to look for a qualified surgeon, or a surgical student, as the missing organs were difficult to find and remove quickly, unless there was a prior knowledge Then, on November 9, 1888, a fifth woman was found in her home. Her throat was cut, and once again her entire body was mutilated. These women were all prostitutes, or unfortunates as they were called at the time, who lived in lodging houses and workhouses. Fifteen other murders were committed around the same time which tend to be attributed to him as well. Howeve...

Explain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Explain - Essay Example The customer enters the restaurant, then interacts with the employees through greetings. The customer then orders for a meal at the cashier. After the order, the client walks into the dining room where food is served. After consumption of the food, the customer pays and exits the premises (Cilli And Olieves Restaurant). This stage involves the employees and their service to the customer. The employee receives the order from the customer and the preparation and serving of the food commences. After the food is prepared, it is delivered to the client and upon completion, the customer pays the bill, which is received by the person at the payment area. The back stage is the basis of internal interactions. This area is the kitchen area where the preparation of food takes place. When the orders are received, supply department delivers the relevant ingredients for food preparation. The area also involves washing of dishes and garbage disposal from the leftovers (Cilli And Olieves Restaurant). This area is the focal point of the restaurant operation. This area is where the payroll system is established and the overall running of the business. The information system is connected to the payroll system to enhance supply of information. The area also has the suppliers that ensure food preparation. The area also oversees the disposal of waste materials from the company (Cilli And Olieves

Research paper on the secret society of the skulls Essay

Research paper on the secret society of the skulls - Essay Example that, the â€Å"Skull & Bones†, as it is more formally referred to, is a group of significant magnitude that, since the time of its creation, has left an indelible mark on different facets of the world around it. In light of this, the question becomes more about what impact(s) the group has had, rather than being about whether or not the group existed in the first place. Historically speaking, â€Å"The story of Skull and Bones begins in December of 1832. Upset (according to one account) by changes in the Phi Beta Kappa election process, a Yale senior named William Russell and a group of classmates decided to form the Eulogian Club as an American chapter of a German student organization. The club paid obeisance to Eulogia, the goddess of eloquence, who took her place in the pantheon upon the death of the orator Demosthenes, in 322 B.C., and who is said to have returned in a kind of Second Coming on the occasion of the societys inception. The Yale society fastened a picture of its symbol-- a skull and crossbones-- to the door of the chapel where it met. Today the number 322, recalling the date of Demosthenes death, appears on society stationery. The number has such mystical overtones that in 1967 a graduate student with no ties to Skull and Bones donated $322,000 to the society,† (Robbins, p.1). The financial contribution of its membership aft er graduation from Yale is something that is alluded to in the motion picture â€Å"The Skulls†, starring Joshua Jackson and Paul Walker. Having these men provide a portion of their estates to the greater trust fund of the society is something that has long been done by members since the beginning. With many college organizations offering membership to students who have a desire to become a part of something, the Skulls offer a particularly unique opportunity to those who are accepted as part of their fold. Before entrance into any group, it is commonplace for there to be an induction ceremony, so that the present

Executed Activity Plan with detailed Evaluation Essay

Executed Activity Plan with detailed Evaluation - Essay Example The behavior of Tina as to tend to avoid or ignore rules as well as the ability to participate more freely in the activity was the main guiding factor, when this was mapped on the EYFS, to develop a short term plan for her activity since her case was one of little details of ignoring rules. Tina’s age, developmental needs as well as other interests were also factored in. The plan developed for Tina, as earlier defined, was a short term. Short term plan is one that is frequently drawn and changed on a regular basis and is aimed and identify development in a specific concept or perspective (Department for Children, School and Families 2008). The short term plan can be done on a daily or weekly basis and will strive to assess the rate of integration of newly learnt concepts by a child. In designing and developing an ideal childhood development plan, that is effective, it was important that it follows a specific guideline which would ensure all the objectives therein, were achieve d. The system or plan so developed was able to continuously monitor the improvements, stagnation or decline in the development of the child. A better plan is that which provides checks or screening modalities which will be able to identify any abnormalities as soon as they occur (Education, E. C, 2010). Therefore, the system should be comprehensive enough, and be able to use information or observations noted, in making instructional decisions directed towards improving the child’s development curve. Consequently, the plan used in activated child development should be one that is consistent across settings, though, may be adapted to contain specific needs and demands of a given child. The progress of the child should not be specific but should include all the parameters of development as well. During observation of the children taking part in the foot painting activity, various critical points developed to incorporate in the plan. In the course of the play, Tina had shown an i nterest in working with the paints and manipulating colors which was actually a child’s own initiative. It was therefore important to keep the interest of the child while guiding the child to follow instructions and rules of the activities (Moyles 1998). The rules and instructions are the duty of adults in the development of the child since they give and ensure the rules are followed. The reason the instructions were not followed was probably because there was no keen listening or the message of the instructions were not decoded correctly. The role of the adults in the playing activity was to set the physical environment and prevent injuries from occurring. They also had to ensure the playing rules were followed. Children try to discover their abilities as they strive to be better than each other. In this activity, adult’s role was to explain the rules and instructions to be followed to the children. The tables were set with everything the children required and in the right sequence, so that they would obtain them without much difficult. The children were guided by answering their questions (McLachlan & Fleer, 2010). Parts of the rules were also explained to the children who did not understand while allowing them to work on their own. Demonstrations were conducted to show the children, especially in the case of Tina, to help in achieving certain details in their modeling which they did not know. Instructions were given at each

Quality Management at Coca Cola, Vodafone and Cadbury

Quality Management at Coca Cola, Vodafone and Cadbury The total quality management is customer oriented, with all the members of the organisation striving to systemically improve the organisation through the partial participation of the employees in problem solving efforts across the functional and hierarchical boundaries. The total quality management includes the concepts of quality products, process control, quality assurance and quality improvement on an fragmentary basis. All the transformational process in an organisation to improve the customers satisfaction in the most economical manner for all these the control is taken by the quality management. This process works in each unit of the work system with the internally self control. The problem solving action is given to the lower level in the organisation, allowing the responsible people to take the quality control and corrective measure where necessary in order to deliver a product or service that meet the needs of the customers. Total Quality Management has a management philosophy, a paradigm, a continuous improvement approach to doing business with a new management model. The philosophy of quality management has evolved a philosophy of continuous improvement focusing on the quality and the most important dimension of the activity. Meanwhile, dominant highlight the quality of the product or service. The total quality management goes beyond statistical process control activities to embrace a broader management on how we manage people and organizations by focusing on the whole process and not mere measures. Keeping the customers in mind at all time is when the company makes the quality products and services, which is always the highest priority of the organisations. From quality guarantee hard work of each employee for the quality of society as a whole. The company which wants to be success in the market and among its customers devotes itself to make quality products and service for its customers. TQM (Total quality management) is a way to manage the future of the organization and have much wider application only to ensure the product or service quality It is the way of managing the people and business processes to ensure customer satisfaction at every stage of the organisational activity, internally and externally. It is a combined effort of the effective leadership, results organisations doing the right things and right first time. The core of quality management is the customer- supplier relation edge, both externally and internally and in each edge lays a number of processes. This is the main activity that surrounds the organizations promise to quality and quality of the message and recognisation needs to change the entire organization to create quality. These are the basis for quality management and support of the leadership roles of people, processes and systems. For the quality management, the chosen companies are from different industries and they have different systems and requirement for their quality management for their product and services which are to be introduced to the market. The companies are Coca Cola, Vodafone, Cadbury. These three companies provides its products to the customers with products and services quality checked before introducing in the market so that the customers are satisfied and the company makes the effective and efficient use of the material and making profit at the end. 2. Quality Management at Coca cola The coca cola company ensures the best quality of its beverages by implementing globally accepted authenticated manufacturing process and quality management system. The company measure the products and its package quality attributes to ensure that the beverages products in the marketplace meet the requirements of the company and expectations of customers. Consistency and reliability are the two key factors to the quality of the product. These factors are critical in meeting the global regulatory requirements and the company standards. The global nature of the business requires high standards and processes for ensuring consistent products and quality from the concentrate production to the bottling and product delivery by them. For ensuring the consistency and reliability, the companys quality system is directed by The Coca-Cola Management System (TCCMS). TCCMS is their integrated quality management program which holds all the operations of the company system wide to the same standards for the production nad distribution of the beverages. It assures the highest standards in the management of the product quality, the environment and the health and safety throughout the Coca cola system. TCCMS is supported by the heads throughout the company as it guides the product safety and quality by bringing together the ultimate objective of the business and quality simultaneously with consistent metrics of monitoring the performance of the product, integrating the preventive actions as a management tool. It demands rigorous efforts while planning for introducing a new product or service including the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) into the companys system standard. This management system includes defining the problem solving methodologies and tools to make continuous product safety and quality improvements. The relevance of the product safety and quality guidelines are evaluated again and again so as to stay updated with the new regulations, best practices in the industry and the market conditions to help them sustain in the market with their competitors. The food quality and safety awareness are provided to the manufacturing as well as the entire supply chain. The company maintains a safety and quality system for the TCCMS requirement by establishing, implementing and documenting each business within the coca cola system. The process and quality assurance program conducted at each of the manufacturing facilities are with world class standards. The following are the programs. 2.1 Proof and testing source of water for plant site selection The manufacturing plant site is finalised only after the source water is tested for the requirement. The testing of the source water are conducted by the third party accredited laboratories, the analysis are conducted are based on the requirement of the globally standards. After the selection, the source water is checked and tested on a regular basis to ensure that the international standards are met. The water for the plant are taken through the sealed pipelines and stored in. tanks placed in secure areas of the water treatment plant. 2.2 Purity of Sugar The sugar selection process as severe as our water selection process. The sugar is brought from the high grade authorised mills, which is then cleaned with global acclaimed carbon treatment process. The sugar is then converted to purified sugar syrup which is that mixes with the soft drink beverage concentrate. 2.3 Carbon Dioxide Meeting International Purity Standards Carbon-dioxide is manufactured from authorised suppliers which meets the international purity standards. The gas is then taken through a severe quality control confirmation prior to using it in the beverages etc. 2.4 Automated Bottling Process The bottles returned from the market are recycled through automated process; these bottles are sterilized at a very high temperatures with formulated cleaning agents. The bottles are then transported to the filler for filing with the automated filling machine, the bottles are then capped, date coded and packed into crates. (Quality commitment, http://www.cocacola.in/quality/quality_commitment_policy.aspx) The company has a well clear and structured manufacturing procedure quality control and guarantee program. All manufacturing services of the company are skilled, experienced and professional training to manufacture and test the product. The company has a strong internal audit system to monitor the compliance to international and local standards. The manufacturing facilities are audited by the external audit agencies for the quality management standards. The company make sure that the beverages are tested by acknowledged quality assurance mechanism before it is brought to the market. Company meets the international standards ISO 9001:2000, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 SGS and Lloyds of London, an internationally recognized registrar, to assess the quality system against Coca-Cola ISO 9001:2000 (quality) and ISO 14001 (Environment) . Department supports the activities of the company for each of the packages to enable them to offer world class products. The system applies to the bottling company, and activities are also supported by the same technical and quality systems and standards. 2.5 Quality Assurance and control The coca cola company has one global standard Coca cola operation in different areas follows the same international quality standards across all the bottling operations. Every ingredient used in the manufacturing process of the beverages meet all the local regulatory, company and international standards. They undergo through extensive testing and inspection before it is introduced. These ingredients are regularly tested by the external accredited laboratories so that they are updated and they meet the standards of the company 3. Quality Management at Vodafone Vodafone has adopted specific framework of analytically assessing the excellence of the services which are given to the customers. These frameworks are assessed from the concept and planning phase to their delivery of the product to the ultimate customers in the market. These frameworks include the following: 3.1 Service Evaluation Service Evaluation is done to ensure that the new product and services are designed, developed and implemented based on the quality requirements, keeping the company policies in mind and processes aiming to meet customers need. The quality standards of the new products and services are checked through specific number of trials with certain level standards, with prior and post launch of the product against the initial technical and quality specifications. 3.2 Quality of Service monitoring The most important method before going to set the target and network development on the use of mobile telecommunication network is to understand the customer perception on these matters. The pioneer indicators demonstrate the quality of service is the Call Success Rate- CSR- the percentage of successfully set up, maintained and released calls, as perceived by the customers, the Poor Voice Quality- accessing the quality of communication and the Weak signal Percentage- evaluating the weak signal level. Quality of Service is monitored is performed on their GSM, GPRS and UMTS Services. 3.3 Suppliers and Partners Performance Evaluation Vodafone access the quality of the product and service and identify the areas of improvement and implement appropriate action in order to maintain a mutual trust and cooperation with its partners and to achieve mutual beneficial synergies. 3.4 Participation in Vodafone group network and Service quality team Vodafone aims to ensure the quality of the product and services especially on the new technologies which creates the new demand for the company in the market. Special care is been taken about the participants in the Vodafone group network and service quality team. The purpose is to- To introduce the quality of service indicators for the product and services that are implemented within the frameworks of the corporate projects. To ensure the use of quality checked plans and measure its implementation To identify the required changes in the company, in order to update with the new technologies Vodafone is the first and the only telecommunication company in Greece and the few internationally certified for the development and implementation. The management systems within the framework of an integrated management. According to ISO 9001:2008 standards the Quality Management for the systematic and continuous improvement, development of its activities, and the customer satisfaction. Certificate of Approval (No: 362 212) Quality Management System according Vodafone retailer to ISO 9001:2008 for the companys commitment to offer products and services to customers through its passion for retail chain and in particular, a chain formed by the property and franchise stores. Certificate of Approval (No: 362 212) Environmental Management System under ISO 14001, which aims at the systematic management of the companys activities that affect the environment. Certificate of Approval (No.: 362 212 / D) Health and Safety Management System according to OHSAS 18001 / ELOT 1801, aims to provide a safe working environment and safe for all employees. Certificate of approval (362212) According to ISO 27001 the Information Security Management System , which concerns the security of information security in the enterprise, customers, shareholders and partners. Certificate of Approval (No.: 362 212 / F) According to BS 25999-2:2007, Business Continuity Management System is to ensure continuity of critical business operations and ensuring continuity of essential services to customers in case of unexpected incidents. Certificate of Approval (No.: 362 212 / H LRQA) (Integrated Management System, http://www.vodafone.gr/portal/client/cms/viewCmsPage.action?pageId=1620) 4. Quality Management Assurance at Cadbury Market high quality, excellent value products that consistently meet business requirements and comply with local standards, but continuously improve and exceed the expectations of consumers. It ensures that customers and consumers first become actively listening and understanding their expectations for quality and value points of purchase and consumption. Ensure that the representation of corporate image, including products and brands, meet the recognized standards, strengthen the commitment to quality and to safeguard the reputation of Cadbury. Preserve the right best time before culture, which continues to absorb the food quality and safety, where everyone understands their responsibilities and accountability. Use a quality system is monitored continuously improves processes to provide these policies and standards. Set clear management responsibilities and strengthening the achievement of measurable goals and objectives of quality and food safety. supply chain and business partners work to ensure compliance with quality policies and systems, ensuring quality throughout our supply chain. Place of continuous improvement is critical to performance, which allows us to offer better products and services to consumers and customers. Create a passion for quality, which are the successes and achievements are recognized and celebrated. Re-examine and bring up to date this policy to ensure that it continues to reflect the values and outlook of customers. (Quality and Food Safety Assurance, http://www.cadburyindia.com/cadtoday/qualityfoodsafety.asp) 5. Compare and Contrast Coca cola company has introduced a system named The Coca Cola Management System (TCCMS). This system is introduced in all the stages of the organisational level and also to the bottling agents so that the global standards of the company can be maintained with the bottlers. The company takes care of each of the process the product goes through, from the source water to the bottles used for the packaging for the beverages. Vodafone has adopted a specific framework for the assessing systematically and logically the quality of the services which are provided to the customers. These frameworks are assessed from the concept and planning phase to their delivery of the product to the ultimate customers in the market. These frameworks are set with the service evaluation of the product and technologies up gradation in the industry. Cadbury adopted the quality assurance for the products which are introduced to the customers. Maintain a right first time culture that constantly ensures the quality and food safety, every employee understand the responsibility given to them and they are made accountable for their activity. Quality management system is audited periodically to improve the process to deliver their policy and standards. All the three companies are giving great importance to the total quality management of its products and services. These quality management are considered as the responsibility of the company to its ultimate customers in the market. Different systems and frameworks are followed for the quality management. Whereas some companies have create a program for the quality management and some have just included it in its process. The quality management for each organisation differ based on their activities in the market. The system introduced in coca cola is implemented for all the regions and the bottlers as that they can have a global standard. The service evaluation at Vodafone is done for ensuring that the product and service match with the company policies and market demand. The Cadbury assurance is done with the aim of quality and food safety for the customers. 6. Impact on Innovation, Changes and Competitiveness Coca cola Companys system on quality helps them as a support to introduce new products in the market. The major competition faced by coca cola is from PepsiCo, TCCMS makes the difference between the two companies product and service. This helps the company to follow the market trends among the customers so that they can be up graded with the market trends. Vodafone has the systematic and logical framework for analysing the quality management. With the better quality product introduced in the market the RD of the company will be able to make new innovation to the product and which will be helpful for the company to compete with others in the market. Cadbury follows a quality system which helps them to provide the quality product to the customers. The company has a deal to innovate new product to the market and can be bringing out the efforts to face the competition in the market. 7. Recommendations The companies need to take care of the activities when given to the agents; they should have a proper light of the quality aspect of the product. The periodical checking and testing of the quality system should be made so that the systems can be up graded. The RD of the companies should be given the resources for the research. They should be made available with the equipment required. While innovation of the products are done, they should be marketed in such a way that they are they attracted to the customers. 8. Critical Reflection It was always known that Quality management is important in an organisation but the importance of quality management and its implementation in each and every process of the each activity is understood after making the research for the assignment. While studying the quality philosophy, approaches, systems and its management of each company selected, only then it was noticed that the companies RD division and top management takes a lot of efforts in making the product a success in the market. The product or service from the start of its planning it takes the lot of contribution for the quality in the company. Before making the systems for the quality management, the company need to make the market research for the product and service quality. They have to make note of the each and every process in the manufacturing and distribution of the product to the market. The employees have to quality check the product in every single step to ensure the quality. The resources required for the product to be made are to be checked and tested from its initial stages. Quality management is an important aspect in an organisation which the employees have to follow while manufacturing the product and services. The employee which are given responsible for the activities in the organisation, are made responsible for the corrective measures, this way it is easy for the employees to understand the mistakes made in the first process. It helps them to understand the actions required to follow while doing the activities. In every organisation, quality system should be given equal importance because the products are ultimately made for the customers in the market and they are the one to who would the critical viewer of the products in the market. The quality system should be checked and updated continuously so that the organisation should be left behind in the market. The quality in the product should be ensured before it goes to the market to the customer. Being a manager, I will be making the quality check conducted at every step to ensure that the products are safety and fine to be used in the market. This may increase the time in each process but can ensure a good product to the customers. Being a customer of several products, I will definitely prefer the products which are good in quality and will ensure the quality before use. Therefore any customer will think the same way. The quality of the product contributes to the organisation success with effective and efficient use of the resources in the organisation for the products. The organisation are never ready to compromise on the quality of the product since the quality creates an image of the product and ultimately the image of the organisation in the market.

Marketing Mix Analysis of iPad Essay

Executive Summary Managing and developing marketing mix appropriately is extremely important to firm’s marketing and success. In order to marketing product successfully, the right product must be exhibited to right people at the right place, right price and right time. If a firm can manage the marketing mix successfully, as a result, it can be a source of competitive advantage for firms. Each element of the marketing mix should be analyzed and if necessary, adapted to ensure that the right balance is achieved to give the product or service the very best chance of success in the market place. Apple is a successful company and its previous product iPod has a high market share in the global market due to its brand perception and image as s high quality innovative brand. In 2010, Apple launched an innovative product – â€Å"iPad† in US, which is a tablet computer with touch screen. Even in the first launching date iPad had been sold 0.3 million units. The product no doubt is getting support of Apple’s brand image and it has changed the way to consumer lifestyle. That is why iPad is thought as a revolutionary who will arouse a wave to electronic industry. Apple’s iPad delivered the value to the customer via marketing mix tools called the 4Ps: * Product looks good and works well. * Right price. * Right place at the right time. * Successful promotion helps to a larger output. Apple followed this by innovation and introducing new products in the market to satisfy consumer’s needs and wants. The current author here will use the theories, concepts of marketing mix to analysis the iPad. The remainder of this essay is structured into five parts. It begins by defining marketing mix and its evolution. Second, it analyse the company, iPad, its competitor and consumer. Third, it illuminates the marketing mix by analysing iPad. Finally it ends with the overall assessment and conclusion. Contents 1.Introduction and Definition3 1.1Definition of Marketing3 1.2Definition of Customer Value and Value Proposition3 1.3Definition of Marketing Mix4 2.Description of Apple & iPad4 2.1Brief Introduction of Apple4 2.2Introduction of iPad5 2.3Brief Consumer Profile6 2.4Brief Competitor Profile7 3.Marketing Mix Analysis of iPad7 3.1Product7 3.2Price10 3.3Place12 3.4Promotion14 4.Assessment of Overall Value Delivered16 5.Conclusion16 6.References18 1. Introduction and Definition 2.1 Definition of Marketing â€Å"Marketing is the process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others and forging relationships with customers.† (Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, 2009). This definition recognizes the importance of creating a long term relationship with customers and identifies the importance of satisfying customer wants. 2.2 Definition of Customer Value and Value Proposition Customer value is the difference between the values that the customer gains from owning and using a product and the costs of obtaining the product. Put it simply, customer value is created when the perceptions of benefits received from a transaction exceed the costs of ownership. The same idea can be expressed as a ratio (Chiristopher, 1996): Customer value = Perceptions of benefits The definition of customer value proposition is a well defined and persuasive marketing statement related to a specific product or service that details the reasons why a consumer would benefit from purchasing it. A value proposition is the definition of a firm’s promise to create and deliver customer value (Chapelet and Tovstiga, 1998). Fig 1.2.1 A model of value creation and the marketing process source: Adapted from Kotler Brown Burton Deans Armstrong, (2010), â€Å"Marketing† 8th Edition Figure 1.2.1 shows a typical model of value creation and the marketing process. Put it simple, marketing is a process cycle which consists of 5 simple steps as below: i. Customer buys or potential customer is contacted to understand the marketplace. ii. Finding out how the customer liked the product or what is needed. iii. Analysing these data and creating a plan that includes goals, strategy and its marketing mix. iv. Implement the plan that delivers value to customer which results in the customer’s buying the product and creating customer delight. v. Repeating the cycle starting with step (i) to step (iv) to make a better product sold with a better plan and continuously keeping this cycle going. Hence, create profits and customer equity. 2.3 Definition of Marketing Mix The concept of the Marketing Mix was first created by Neil H. Borden in his article called â€Å"The concept of the Marketing Mix† in 1964. In his article he explained the importance of a market to try to â€Å"mix ingredients† in their process in the market in order to be successful. E. Jerome McCarthy later grouped these ingredients into the four categories that are known as the 4P’s of marketing (Product, Price, Place and Promotion). Product — What does the customer want from the product/service? Price — What is the value of the product or service to the buyer? Place — Where do buyers look for the product or service? Promotion — Where and when can get across the marketing messages to target market? 2. Description of Apple & iPad 3.4 Brief Introduction of Apple Apple Inc., founded in 1976, is an American multinational corporation which is best-known for its hardware and software products. The hardware products are: Macintosh, iPod, iPhone and iPad. One example of the famous software of Apple is iTunes, a proprietary media player application that works with iTunes store and allows customers to download music and offers other features of consumer electronics. Fortune magazine named Apple as the most admired company in the US in 2008, and in the world from 2008 to 2012. 3.5 Introduction of iPad On January 27, 2010, Apple introduced the much-anticipated media tablet, the iPad (As shown in Fig2.2.1). Fig 2.2.1 Introduction of iPad (source: www.apple.com) The iPad measure 9.7 inch wide screen display with multi touch screen with 1024 x 768 resolutions which is lighter and thinner than any other notebooks or laptops. Its internal 25 watt-hour battery can run up to 10 hours of video, 140 hours of audio playback and one month on standby as Apple claims. Steve Jobs stated that, with the introduction of the iPad, Apple had opened a market for a new class of mobile devices. (As shown in Fig 2.2.2) Fig2.2.2 Apple iPad First Hands-on (source: http://www.ipadforums.net) 3.6 Brief Consumer Profile Consumer market can be defined as â€Å"all the individuals and households who buy or acquire goods and services for personal consumption† and consumer buying behavior can be defined as â€Å"the buying behavior of final consumers, individuals and households who buy goods and services for personal consumption† (Kotler, 2009). Table 2.3.1 shows the analysis of market segmentation for iPad. SEGMENTATION BASE| SELECTEDSEGMENTATION VARIABLES| Geographic Segmentation| Region| West Malaysia, east Malaysia| City size| Major metropolitan areas, cities| Density of area| Urban| Climate| Hot, humid, rainy| Demographic Segmentation| Age| 18-34, 35-49, 50-64| Sex| Male, female| Married status| Single, married, divorced, living together| Income| RM40,000 and over| Education| College, college graduate, postgraduate| Occupation| Professional, white-collar| Psychological| Needs| Sense of self-worth, fashionable| Personality| Extroverts, novelty-seeker, aggressives| Perception| Low-risk| Learning-involvement| High-involvement| Attitudes| Possitive attitude| Psychographic| Lifestyle| Couch-potatoes, outdoor enthusiasts, status-seekers| Cultures| Malay, Chinese, Indian, and other foreigners| Religion| Muslim, buddhism, hinduism, christian, catholic, and others| Social| Middle, upper| Family| Bachelors, young married, full nesters, empty nesters| Use-Rated Segmentation| Usage rate| Heavy users, medium users| Awareness status| Aware, interested, enthusiastic| Brand loyalty| Strong| Use-Situation Segmentation| Time| Leisure, work, morning, night| Objective| Personal, fun, achievement| Location| Home, work, mega mall, restaurant| Person| Self, family members, friends, peers| Benefit Segmentation| Convenience, social acceptance, easy e-book reading, value-for-the-money, service| Table 2.3.1 Market segmentation for iPad From analysis above can see that most of Apple’s users are high-end clients who have the strong purchasing power, easily accept new technology and they are very loyal to Apple. 3.7 Brief Competitor Profile Apple iPad bring threats and impact to PC industry in some way. On one hand, the hot-sell of iPad attracts many PC manufacturers set foot in this field. So the other tablet computers will be the biggest competitor, such as Blackberry’s playbook, this is a tablet computer which located in business person, and it will also attract public’s eyes because of its vast multimedia function. On the other hand, the price advantage of netbook is also a challenge to iPad. After all compared with traditional computer, iPad may not a necessity. To some business and professional people, they will choose the traditional notebook rather than iPad. 3. Marketing Mix Analysis of iPad According to the information that searches from magazines and internet, the author knows many information of iPad. The author here will use the theories, concepts of marketing mix to analysis the iPad. 4.8 Product â€Å"Product means the goods-and-services combination the company offers to the target market. â€Å" (Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, 2009). The iPad bridges the gap between smart phone and laptop, it offers equivalent range of features and functions that a computer does. It has internet capabilities running on both Wi-Fi and 3G. Some of the features are discussed previously. Fig 3.1.1 shows its tech specs. Access to Apple Apps Store which has over 300,000 applications and to iTunes are attractive features of iPad. Fig 3.1.1 Tech Specs for Apple iPad (source: http://www.apple.com) Value delivered to customer: 1) Convenient to Carry and Easy to Use Compared to functionalities and performance, it is surprised that iPad weighs only 1.5 pounds. It is very thin and sleek measuring only 0.5 inches. This lightweight iPad is very useful for business trip, making it easy to transport as compared to a laptop. Not only it is easier to carry it around, but also be able to use it to check e-mails, show videos and photos to people instantly whenever required with its long battery life, which at 10 hours is 2-5 times longer than a notebook (As shown in Fig 3.1.2). Fig 3.1.2 E-mail and photo function for iPad (source: http://www.cnbeta.com) 2) Easy for E-Book Reading One benefit that can’t miss is the iBooks Application. Customer can download the favorite e-books to iPad and read while traveling (As shown in Fig 3.1.3). Fig 3.1.3 E-books on Apple iPad (source: http://www.telegraph.co.uk) Retrieving books to read on ibooks application on iPad is simply easy. Browse through the e-bookshelf on the iPad, choose one title wish to read and click, the book opens in front. Customer can view the book in portrait or landscape, and the way the pages flip is awesome – flip it with finger and looks just like a real book. 3) Excellent Service for Customer What’s more, the service of iPad is very nice. Apple has its own key service – iTunes. Customer can get this value to enjoy the all kinds of internet resources such as music, video and applications (As shown in Fig 3.1.4). Fig 3.1.4 iTunes on Apple iPad (source: http://www.ipadforums.net guardian.co.uk guardia guardia) The iTunes online store makes it incredibly easy to purchase songs and load them onto the devices. When customer wants to watch or listen, they neither need to search from the CDs nor television channels. What they need to do is just opening the iTunes, all they want is in iTunes, it let the media browse much faster, it is easier to sort. 4.9 Price â€Å"Price is the amount of money customers have to pay to obtain the product. â€Å" (Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, 2009). The iPad is priced starting from $499 for 16 GB storage to $829 for 64GB storage and 3G connectivity. In detail, tab 3.2.1 shows the price of iPad selling in Malaysia. iPad| 16G| 32G| 64G| Wi-Fi| RM 1, 549.00| RM 1, 849.00| RM 2, 149.00| Wi-Fi + 3G| RM 1, 999.00| RM 2, 299.00| RM 2, 599.00| Tab 3.2.1 Selling price of iPad (source: http://www.apple.com guardian.co.uk guardia guardia) Value delivered to customer: 1) Eco-friendly Device for Environment Protection The iPad is made of recyclable glass and Aluminum and the packaging material is recyclable & the packing is efficiently done. It is not using Arsenic, PVC, bromine fire, Mercury as the company has restricted the use of harmful chemicals. With such price, customers are not buying the fashionable device only, more importantly, they are making contribution to environment protection. Fig 3.2.1 shows how green is the iPad. Fig3.2.1 How green is the iPad (source: http://sortable.com) 2) Flexible Price as Actual Needs The iPad price varies according to its storage capacity and the internet access capacity, which leads to reducing the initial cost on the first ever tablets based on customer’s actually needs and application (As shown in Fig3.2.2). Fig3.2.2 Price and configuration of the iPad (source: http://www.apple.com) 3) Cost Saving with Maxis Bundled Package It is available on Maxis bundled packages with a 24-month contract based on different types of iPad internet plan (As shown in Fig 3.2.3). By doing so, the price of iPad has been dropped down from RM450 to RM950. The plan is much more attractive not only for those who can’t afford to pay for the high price, but also for some of the SME to extend their business. Fig 3.2.3 Maxis iPad Bundled Packages (source: http://www.maxis.com.my) 4.10 Place â€Å"Place includes company activities that make the product available to target consumers. â€Å" (Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, 2009). Apple started selling the iPad not only from its official websites, but also retail outlets and Apple Store. Value delivered to customer 1) Easy Walk-in Location for Purchase The iPad can be purchased from Apple Store, Apple Premium Reseller and Apple Authorized Reseller located in Malaysia. All shops are conveniently located and beautifully designed, identified by the large backlit Apple logo, such as in most famous shopping mall like Sunway Primary, One Utama, KLCC and Mid Valley in Selangor, even in Melaka, Penang, Sabah and Sarawak. The value is so easy for customer to come and have a journey on iPad (As shown in Fig 3.3.1). Fig 3.3.1 Apple shops in Malaysia In each shop, customer will be able to find dedicated Apple-trained and Apple-certified Mac experts who can come up with the right solution for you. 2) Time-Saving Online Order Apple iPad are also available on internet for the customers on Apple’s website. Online purchase is the easiest and time saving way for most of them (As shown in Fig 3.3.2). Fig3.3.2 Online Apple store for iPad (source: http://www.apple.com) On the website, the Apple explains the number of features and benefits of iPad. This adds the value to the consumers as convenience is a value that people appreciate and for which they will pay more than the actual price. 3) Golden Service for Apple Loyalty When customer are on the go, the Apple Store app is the best way to research, personalize and buy products from Apple and get the most out of customer’s visits to the Apple Retail Store for Apple loyal fans. Fig 3.3.3 shows what can do with the Apple Store app on the iPhone or iPod touch from search to pay. Fig3.3.3 Apple store apps for iPhone and iPod Touch (source: http://www.apple.com) 4.11 Promotion â€Å"Promotion means activities that communicate the merits of the product and persuade target customers to buy it. â€Å" (Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, 2009) Apple Company had been promoting the iPad with the help of social media campaigns and multi-channel media strategy. Value delivered to customer: 1) Multiple Channel for Better Understanding of iPad The online promotion by Apple on Facebook, YouTube and other related websites approaches to the consumers added more value to the decision of consumers of buying iPad. Same like in stores all the information is available online for customers. Customers can download brochure from its website for their convenience. When Apple announced the idea of iPad, most fans write blogs and share through internet. Customer will see them and many videos about iPad, some of them are made by Apple and some are made by other people. These blogs and videos are shared by many other people through many ways (As shown in Fig 3.4.1). Fig3.4.1 Video sharing about iPad (source: http://www.9to5iPad.com/) 2) Custom Engraving of iPad Apple had offered free iPad engraving from its online store, allowing customers to add a personal touch to the tablet in time for the holiday seasons (As shown in Fig 3.4.2). Customers are given the option to engrave up to 2 lines of free text on the back of an iPad after selecting an iPad model and any desired accessories from the online store. Fig 3.4.2 Website about iPad engraving (Source: http://store.apple.com/) 3) Free Delivery for On-line Purchase When purchasing the iPad online from Apple’s official website, customer will get the value of free delivery. Just wait for 3-4 business days, the product will be arrived on hand safely. 4. Assessment of Overall Value Delivered Apple has always placed a major emphasis on the marketing and the brand awareness of its products. The iPad’s advantage is that they offer several different features in one product. Converging all the new technology into one product is the route apple is seeking. It’s making life easier for their consumers by being able to conduct many applications in the one product. Apple’s iPad followed all the 4P’s of marketing mix to deliver the high level of value to the customers. The company has manufactured an iPad using strong in-built applications. The gadget permits people to work and entertain anytime anywhere, as a value of experiencing its easy and convenient use. It provides value to customers through a huge number of features which helps in saving time and energy. Adding more to customer value the price of iPad is competitive and flexible in the market as discussed above. It advertised on T.V., newspapers, magazine, radios and also on internet, which makes people have clearer understanding in various channel. It provides value by available at all the apple stores and website. From the iPad’s 4P’s analysis, we can easily see the difference of it, and can answer the question â€Å"why people buy it which seems unnecessary product.† Apple iPad satisfy their needs and this delivers the value as a product and service in terms of features, style performance, durability, quality, reliability and design to the customer. 5. Conclusion Apple iPad is a new product which has made a dent in the history of tablet business domain and the first successful product. This has also ignited the demand for new and improved tablets from Apple and other competitors. Apple has used the 4P’s of marketing in a very efficient and proper manner, so that added the value to the customer’s decisions of purchasing iPad. When Apple introduced iPad, they intended to come across the consumer’s wants and demands which would satisfy to their lifestyles. Apple in future which demands more innovative products and the company still need to adapt to expected changes in iPad which they have already started in their new iPad 2. With their experience, they are able to continue strengthen its position in the industry. 6. References 1. Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong. (2009). Principles of Marketing. (7th Edition). Australia. Pearson. 2. Kotler Brown Burton Deans Armstrong. (2010). Marketing (8th Edition). Australia. Pearson. 3. Borden, N. H. (1964). â€Å"The concept of the Marketing Mix†. Journal of Advertising Research. Vol II 4. APDGT YAMAMOTO. â€Å"Understanding Customer Value Concept: Key To Success†. pp. 547-552. 5. Chapelet, B. and Tovstiga, G. (1998), â€Å"Development of a research methodology for accessing a firm’s business process-related technologies†, International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 15 Nos  ½, pp. 10-30. 6. Apple Annual Reports, 2010 7. www.apple.com 8. www.maxis.com.my

Examine the tensile strength of three specimen of low, medium and high carbon steels is examined

The aim of this laboratory experiment is to examine the tensile strength of three specimen of low, medium and high carbon steels is examined. The microstructure of the specimen is determined and calculations such as tensile strength, yield strength etc were clearly recorded. Also, the background theory was stated, the apparatus and procedure used to achieve the experiment was described. The main part of this lab report is the discussion on the results and how close they've been calculated to the original theoretical values by taking into consideration some external experimental errors. The last part of this report is the conclusion on the whole procedure. INTRODUCTION The main purpose of this lab report is by using a tensile testing machine (Hounsfield tensometer), to determine mechanical properties of three different plain carbon steel materials (low carbon steel, medium carbon steel and high carbon steel). Also, their grain structure is to be examined using a Metallurgical microscope. BACKGROUND The three different materials are the low-carbon, medium-carbon and high carbon steels. Their tensile strength is examined which by definition is explained as the amount of stress that a material can resist when a force pulls it along its length until a complete deformation takes place. A ductile material is a material that contains the properties of plasticity and tenacity and it's able to change its shape when a force acts on it and can keep that changed shape even after that force is removed. (Timings R. 2006) The tensile test is mainly used to specify the strength and ductility of a material. Also the tensile test involves: 1. Material showing a yield point which is the point that an extension takes place without any increase in load 2. Proof stress which is used to determine the amount of plastic deformation. 3. Secant modulus which is used to determine the elasticity of the material. (Timings R. 2006) Plain carbon steels: Ferrous metals are basically a metallic material (iron) and it means that iron is combined with carbon. Iron and carbon, the simplest of the ferrous metals (Latin ferrum=iron), are the main elements of plain carbon steels. Low-carbon steels have a carbon content 0,1-0,3% in addition to impurities. This kind of steels cannot be directly hardened by heat treatment, but they can be readily carburized and case hardened. The type of medium-carbon steels have a carbon content 0,3-0,5%. They can be toughened by heat treatment. All types of high carbon steels (carbon content 0,8-1,0%) are extremely strong and their response to heat treatment is better than the medium-carbon steels. However, because of the high carbon content they can be hardened to a high degree of hardness. (Timings R. 2006) The iron-carbon (Fe-C) diagram in figure1 helps to study and learn more about the microstructure of carbon steels as well as their heat treatment. Figure1. â€Å"The Fe-C phase diagram shows which phases are to be expected.† (1) â€Å"At the low-carbon end of the Fe-C phase diagram, we distinguish ferrite (alpha-iron), which can at most dissolve 0.028 wt. % C at 738 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, and austenite (gamma-iron), which can dissolve 2.08 wt. % C at 1154 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C.† (1) EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE In order to complete this test, three tensile test specimens, each of different carbon content, are given. Also a tensometer machine is available in order to tense the specimens. The machine works as follows: Firstly, the specimen is placed on the machine and a force pulls it along its length. This force is measured (in kN) on a digital force meter which is connected to the machine. On the top there is a cylinder with a graph paper around it in order to sketch a graph of force against the extension of the specimen. This is done by moving the pointer on the graph paper by 0,5kN respectively and pointing on the graph each time the reading on the digital force meter increases by 0,5kN, for instance, if the reading reaches 1,0kN the pointer has to be pointing at 1,0kN and by the time that the reading is 1,0kN a point is sketched on the graph. (See figure 2 below) Figure 2. Furthermore, measurements of the length and cross-sectional area were taken before and after the test in order to determine the percentages of elongation and the reduction in area. The last part of the experiment is to examine the three micro-specimens given which is the exact same material and condition as the three materials used on the tensile machine and determine the percentage of the carbon content of their grain structure. This is done by using a Metallurgical Microscope. RESULTS The results of the experiment were calculated and recorded on a table as shown below: Test piece material % carbon content Yield strength (N/mm2) Ultimate tensile strength (N/mm2) % elongation % reduction in area Specimen A Low-carbon steel 0,1 315 430 37 66 Specimen D Medium-carbon steel 0,4 475 660 28 62 Specimen N High-carbon steel 0,8 932 960 13 30 All the specimens had normalized treatment conditions. Graphs were plotted for every specimen, which state clearly the points of force and extension. (See Tables below) The ultimate tension strength (uts) was calculated by the following formula: â€Å"† (3) The yield strength (ys) was calculated by the following formula: â€Å"† (4) The elongation percentage (elon.) was calculated by the following formulae: â€Å"† (5) The reduction in cross-sectional area (red.csa) was calculated by the following formula: â€Å"x 100† (6) Microstructure results The following specimens are the result of the experiment. The white region of each specimen is ferrite and the gray region is pearlite. The carbon content is determined using the iron-carbon (Fe-C) phase diagram. SPECIMEN A SPECIMEN D SPECIMEN N DISCUSSION The experiment is now completed and a discussion about the results is made. The values calculated in the experiment are going to meet the theoretical values of the three specimens used. In the table below all the results were recorded: CALCULATED THEORETICAL Low carbon steel UTS (N/mm2) 430 162-3200 YS (N/mm2) 315 140-2400 ELONGATION (%) 37 1-48 REDUCTION A. (%) 66 13-99 Medium carbon steel UTS (N/mm2) 660 450-2290 YS (N/mm2) 475 245-1940 ELONGATION (%) 28 0.6-34.2 REDUCTION A. (%) 62 0.2-71.4 High carbon steel UTS (N/mm2) 960 161-3200 YS (N/mm2) 932 275-2750 ELONGATION (%) 13 1.9-30 REDUCTION A. (%) 30 13.4-75.2 The table above show clearly that the calculated values are close to the theoretical values. This means that the experiment was successful and the calculation were correct. Although, there's always a small percentage error in every experiment. The most common error in every experiment is the human error and this is the main type of error that may took place in this experiment. Also, differences in temperature and the purity of the material used is an important issue. Furthermore, from the examination of determining the grain structure of each material under the microscope the difference between them was very clear. For instance, the different amount of ferrite and pearlite could be identified, high-carbon steel had darker color than low and medium carbon steels which means that the amount of pearlite is almost 100%. Also, from the tables plotted on the tensometer machine the load that every specimen could withstand, the elongation percentage and the reduction in cross-sectional area were different. By considering these values, low-carbon steels have the least amount of load before complete deformation and the most percentage on both reduction in cross-sectional and elongation of the three specimens. This means that low-carbon steels have the least amount of carbon. In addition, low carbon steels can be defined as ductile materials. Medium-carbon and high-carbon steels are less ductile have les percentage of elongation. This means that they are harder and they are applied more load in order for deformation to take place. Finally, the last part of the discussion is about the different yield point of the three specimens. If the graphs are considered, a sudden fall of the load appears to take place on the graphs of low and medium carbon steels during the procedure. This means that the two specimens faced a reduction in cross-sectional area (also known as necking). This doesn't seem to happen to the specimen of high-carbon steel which means that the deformation took place without having any noticeable reduction in cross-sectional area as the load was kept increasing. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the three specimens where tested and results were given. Since the calculated values meet the theoretical values, the experiment was successful. Discussion about the ductility and the main structure of the given specimens was made and also the differences between them were stated.